References and Provenance

Primary Sources

All citations below are from peer-reviewed journals indexed in PubMed, PubMed Central, or the journal’s own DOI resolver. Links are provided directly to the primary source record. No citations link to other sites in this portfolio, vendor sites, supplement retailers, or non-peer-reviewed sources.

The research record for BPC-157 spans 1993 to 2026. The earliest citation in this dossier — Sikiric et al. (1993) in Life Sciences — establishes the hepatoprotective baseline. The most recent — Yuan et al. (2026) in International Journal of Molecular Sciences — is a comprehensive tissue repair and analgesia review confirming the favorable preclinical safety profile and acknowledging the manufacturing-quality concerns that dominate current clinical translation barriers. The 2025 intravenous human pilot (Lee and Burgess) and the 2025 systematic review in HSS Journal (Vasireddi et al.) represent the current outer edge of the clinical evidence.

Citation List

1. [1]
   Sikiric P, et al. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 as a Therapy and Safety Key: A Special Beneficial Pleiotropic Effect Controlling and Modulating Angiogenesis and the NO-System. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2025. DOI: 10.3390/ph18060928 PubMed Central ↗
2. [2]
   Jozwiak M, Bauer M, Kamysz W, Kleczkowska P. Multifunctionality and Possible Medical Application of the BPC 157 Peptide — Literature and Patent Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2025. DOI: 10.3390/ph18020185 PubMed Central ↗
3. [3]
   Sikiric P, et al. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 as a Therapy and Safety Key. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2025. [Secondary citation group reference] DOI: 10.3390/ph18060928 PubMed Central ↗
4. [4]
   Jozwiak M, Bauer M, Kamysz W, Kleczkowska P. Multifunctionality and Possible Medical Application of the BPC 157 Peptide. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2025. [Secondary citation group reference] DOI: 10.3390/ph18020185 PubMed Central ↗
5. [5]
   McGuire FP, Martinez R, Lenz A, Skinner L, Cushman DM. Regeneration or Risk? A Narrative Review of BPC-157 for Musculoskeletal Healing. Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine. 2025. DOI: 10.1007/s12178-025-09990-7 PubMed Central ↗
6. [6]
   Lee E, Burgess K. Safety of Intravenous Infusion of BPC157 in Humans: A Pilot Study. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 2025. DOI: 10.12659/AOT.948001 PubMed ↗
7. [7]
   Huang B-S, Huang S-C, Chen F-H, et al. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 efficiently reduces radiation-induced liver injury and lipid accumulation through Kruppel-like factor 4 upregulation both in vivo and in vitro. Life Sciences. 2022. DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121072 PubMed ↗
8. [8]
   Demirtas H, Ozer A, Yildirim AK, et al. Protective Effects of BPC 157 on Liver, Kidney, and Lung Distant Organ Damage in Rats with Experimental Lower-Extremity Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Medicina (Kaunas). 2025. DOI: 10.3390/medicina61020291 PubMed ↗
9. [9]
   Sikiric P, Seiwerth S, Grabarevic Z, et al. Hepatoprotective effect of BPC 157, a 15-amino acid peptide, on liver lesions induced by either restraint stress or bile duct and hepatic artery ligation or CCl4 administration. Life Sciences. 1993. DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(93)90589-u PubMed ↗
10. [10]
    Ilic S, Drmic D, Franjic S, et al. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and its effects on a NSAID toxicity model: diclofenac-induced gastrointestinal, liver, and encephalopathy lesions. Life Sciences. 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.01.015 PubMed ↗
11. [11]
    Krivic A, Anic T, Seiwerth S, Huljev D, Sikiric P. Achilles detachment in rat and stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157: Promoted tendon-to-bone healing and opposed corticosteroid aggravation. Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 2006. DOI: 10.1002/jor.20096 PubMed ↗
12. [12]
    Seiwerth S, et al. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and Wound Healing. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2021. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.627533 PubMed ↗
13. [13]
    He L, Feng D, Guo H, Zhou Y, et al. Pharmacokinetics, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of body-protective compound 157, a potential drug for treating various wounds, in rats and dogs. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2022. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1026182 PubMed Central ↗
14. [14]
    Lee E, Padgett B. Intra-Articular Injection of BPC 157 for Multiple Types of Knee Pain. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 2021. DOI: 10.12659/AOT.932720 PubMed ↗
15. [15]
    Strbe S, Gojkovic S, Krezic I, et al. Over-Dose Lithium Toxicity as an Occlusive-like Syndrome in Rats and Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157. Biomedicines. 2021. DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111506 PubMed ↗
16. [16]
    Vasireddi N, Hahamyan H, Salata MJ, et al. Emerging Use of BPC-157 in Orthopaedic Sports Medicine: A Systematic Review. HSS Journal. 2025. DOI: 10.1177/15563316251355551 PubMed ↗
17. [17]
    Sikiric P, Seiwerth S, Rucman R, et al. Toxicity by NSAIDs. Counteraction by stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157. Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2013. DOI: 10.2174/13816128130111 PubMed ↗
18. [18]
    Bajramagic S, Sever M, Rasic F, et al. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and Intestinal Anastomoses Therapy in Rats — A Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2024. DOI: 10.3390/ph17081081 PubMed ↗
19. [19]
    Sikiric P, Boban Blagaic A, Strbe S, et al. The Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Pleiotropic Beneficial Activity and Its Possible Relations with Neurotransmitter Activity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2024. DOI: 10.3390/ph17040461 PubMed ↗
20. [20]
    McGuire FP, Martinez R, Lenz A, Skinner L, Cushman DM. Regeneration or Risk? A Narrative Review of BPC-157 for Musculoskeletal Healing. Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine. 2025. [Human evidence summary citation] DOI: 10.1007/s12178-025-09990-7 PubMed ↗
21. [21]
    Yuan C, Demers A, Silva-Ortiz V, et al. From Regeneration to Analgesia: The Role of BPC-157 in Tissue Repair and Pain Management. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2026. DOI: 10.3390/ijms27062876 PubMed ↗